{"id":11,"date":"2012-05-01T23:45:31","date_gmt":"2012-05-02T05:45:31","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/tsoyona.conlang.org\/?page_id=11"},"modified":"2017-01-18T05:55:45","modified_gmt":"2017-01-18T12:55:45","slug":"syntax","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"http:\/\/tsoyona.conlang.org\/?page_id=11","title":{"rendered":"Syntax"},"content":{"rendered":"

ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

In\u00a0rr\u00e1p ‘ay\u00e1<\/strong>\u00a0adjectives and adverbs become suffixes to the words they describe creating a complex, polysynthetic morphology for nouns and verbs.<\/p>\n

ADJECTIVES<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

Adjectives are suffixed to nouns which causes lenition in the adjective. \u00a0This suffixation happens PRIOR to any case marking. \u00a0If a consonant becomes doubled (other than \/n,m\/) one is dropped. \u00a0In cases where impermissible consonant clusters occur a syllabic break intercedes.<\/p>\n

Eg.\u00a0krrp\u02bc\u00e1<\/strong>\u00a0– ‘fast’ +\u00a0‘osok<\/strong>\u00a0– ‘car’ –>\u00a0‘osokhrrp\u02bc\u00e1<\/strong>\u00a0– ‘fast car’ (remember that \/k\/ –> \/h\/ \/ ___rr)<\/p>\n

ADVERBS<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

Adverbs are (for the most part) formed from adjectives by infixing <av\u00e1> after the onset of the first syllable. \u00a0This is similar to English ‘-ly’ ending (eg. quick (ADJ) + -ly –> quickly (ADV)). \u00a0These are then suffixed to the verb which causes lenition in the adverb. \u00a0As with adjectives, double consonants other than \/n,m\/ are reduced to single consonants and impermissible consonant clusters are broken up syllabically.<\/p>\n

Eg.\u00a0krrp\u02bc\u00e1\u00a0<\/strong>– ‘fast’ –>\u00a0kav\u00e1rrp\u02bc\u00e1<\/strong>\u00a0– ‘quickly’ +\u00a0mbrr\u00a0<\/strong>– ‘runs’ =\u00a0mbrrxav\u00e1rrp\u02bc\u00e1<\/strong>\u00a0– ‘runs quickly’<\/p>\n

DEGREE WORDS
\n<\/strong><\/span>
\nDegree words are PREFIXED to the adverb\/adjective causing lenition to the adj\/adv. \u00a0This compound is then SUFFIXED to the noun\/verb being modified which causes lenition to the compound.<\/p>\n

Eg.\u00a0f\u02bc\u00edyo<\/strong>\u00a0– ‘very\/really’ +\u00a0kav\u00e1rrp\u02bc\u00e1<\/strong>\u00a0=\u00a0f\u02bc\u00edyoxav\u00e1rrp\u02bc\u00e1<\/strong>\u00a0– ‘very quickly’ +\u00a0mbrr<\/strong>\u00a0=\u00a0mbrrf\u00edyoxav\u00e1rrp\u02bc\u00e1\u00a0<\/strong>– ‘runs very quickly’<\/p>\n

As mentioned in the section on verbs this is where word recognition becomes very tricky in\u00a0rr\u00e1p ‘ay\u00e1<\/strong>. \u00a0Take the phrase:<\/p>\n

‘ih tsu\u031d kenfet\u00e1rruke\u031dk\u02bc\u00e9f\u00edyoxav\u00e1rrp\u02bc\u00e1 enmrrok\u02bc\u00e9yop\u00e1n hlense’?\u00a0<\/strong>– ‘Everyone knows that my cats (those boys) will (sadly) not be running very quickly?’<\/p>\n

This phrase includes everything discussed so far – plurality; case marking; verb inflection for tense, mood, aspect, and affect; evidentiality; interrogatives; and adj\/adv suffixation. \u00a0Without a great deal of practice, it is extremely difficult to recognize that the root verb in\u00a0tsu\u031d kenf<\/span>et\u00e1rr<\/span>uke\u031dk\u02bc\u00e9f\u00edyoxav\u00e1rrp\u02bc\u00e1<\/strong>\u00a0is\u00a0mbrr<\/strong>\u00a0– ‘runs’ when you hear it spoken.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

POSTPOSITIONS<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

rr\u00e1p ‘ay\u00e1<\/strong>\u00a0makes use of postpositional morphemes which occur directly after the word they modify. \u00a0With its heavy use of case marking, many adpositional phrases can be made using inflectional morphology:<\/p>\n

Eg. \u00a0‘\u00e1s\u02bcu<\/strong>\u00a0– ‘house’ –>\u00a0‘\u00e1s\u02bcu\u00e1l\u00a0<\/strong>– ‘to a house (directionally)’
\n‘\u00e1s\u02bcu\u00e1n<\/strong>\u00a0– ‘from a house (directionally)’
\n‘\u00e1s\u02bcu\u00e1y<\/strong>\u00a0– ‘at a house’
\nng\u00e1<\/strong>\u00a0– ‘hand’ –>\u00a0ng\u00e1top\u00e1k<\/strong>\u00a0– ‘with\/by (way of) your hand’<\/p>\n

These don’t cover all cases however. \u00a0Adpostions that cannot be made via case marking are made using the following words:<\/p>\n

tsi’\u00a0<\/strong>– ‘on’
\nhru\u00a0<\/strong>– ‘in\/inside’
\n‘ik\u00a0<\/strong>– ‘above\/over’
\n‘ak<\/strong>\u00a0– ‘below\/under’
\n‘o<\/strong>\u00a0– ‘around\/enclosing’
\n‘\u00e1rr<\/strong>\u00a0– ‘around\/encircling’
\ns\u02bcek<\/strong>\u00a0– ‘by’ (temporal) as in “by 5 o’clock”
\npux<\/strong>\u00a0– ‘by\/near’ (locative) as in\u00a0‘osok pux<\/strong>\u00a0– ‘by a car’ vs.\u00a0‘osok\u00e1y<\/strong>\u00a0– ‘at a car’
\nl\u00e9\u00a0<\/strong>– ‘toward’
\n‘en<\/strong>\u00a0– ‘beside\/directly adjacent to’
\nhyrr<\/strong>\u00a0– ‘across’
\nmpuyo<\/b> – after
\nmpuy\u00e9<\/b> – ‘before’
\nnga’<\/strong>\u00a0– during’
\nkyon\u00e1<\/strong>\u00a0– ‘among’
\n‘ip<\/strong>\u00a0– ‘like’ (comparative) as in “he looks like his brother”
\nch\u02bcurr\u00e1<\/strong>\u00a0– ‘about’
\ntsep<\/strong>\u00a0– ‘along’
\nrruk\u02bc\u00a0<\/strong>– ‘without’ (lit. ‘not-NEG + with-COM’)
\nmelo<\/strong>\u00a0– ‘through’
\nngeso<\/strong>\u00a0– ‘throughout’
\nndop\u00e1<\/strong>\u00a0– ‘in\/between’
\nkaw l\u00e9<\/strong>\u00a0– ‘behind’ (lit. toward (the) back)<\/p>\n

Eg.\u00a0rr\u00e9ko\u031dk\u02bc\u00e9 kyon\u00e1<\/strong>\u00a0– ‘among people’
\n‘as\u02bcu hru<\/strong>\u00a0– ‘in a house’
\n\u00a0‘osokso l\u00e9<\/strong>\u00a0– ‘toward that car’
\nhr\u00edv\u00e1 nga’\u00a0<\/strong>– ‘during night’<\/p>\n

Used in a sentence you might say:<\/p>\n

Eg.\u00a0rr\u00e9ko\u031dk\u02bc\u00e9 kyon\u00e1 rr\u00e1p ‘ay\u00e1t ylyohye’yo rr\u00e1x rr\u00e1yom<\/strong>\u00a0– ‘I (happily) speak\u00a0rr\u00e1p ‘ay\u00e1<\/strong>\u00a0(lit. give voice to\u00a0rr\u00e1p ‘ay\u00e1<\/strong>) among people.’<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

ARTICLES AND DEMONSTRATIVES<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

As mentioned before in the topic of Pronouns, the\u00a0rr\u00e1p ‘ay\u00e1<\/strong>\u00a0demonstratives are derivative of the 1st and 2nd person pronouns. \u00a0The difference in their usage is that when used as a demonstrative the GEN particle is excluded and the morpheme undergoes lenition prior to suffixion.<\/p>\n

Eg.\u00a0yo<\/strong>\u00a0– ‘this’ \u00a0–>\u00a0‘as\u02bcu<\/strong>yo<\/strong><\/span>\u00a0– “this house”
\nto<\/strong>\u00a0– “that” –>\u00a0‘as\u02bcu<\/strong>so<\/strong><\/span>\u00a0– “that house”<\/p>\n

Compare this to their pronominal\/agreement usage:<\/p>\n

Eg.\u00a0‘as\u02bcu<\/strong>yop<\/strong><\/span>\u00a0– “my house”
\n‘as\u02bcu<\/strong>top<\/strong><\/span>\u00a0– “your house”
\nrr\u00e1<\/strong>yo<\/strong><\/span>\u00a0– “I” (lit. “this voice”)
\nrr\u00e1<\/strong>to<\/strong><\/span>\u00a0– “you” (lit. “that voice”)
\nenrr\u00e1yon mbrr<\/strong>yo<\/strong><\/span>\u00a0– “I run”
\n\u00a0enrr\u00e1ton mbrr<\/strong>to<\/strong><\/span>\u00a0– “You run”<\/p>\n

A couple things to note:<\/p>\n

1. The \/y\/ does not lenite so the only way to know that it is being used as a demonstrative is that it is attached to a noun (not a verb as in agreement which also does not lenite) and it does not include the GEN morpheme\u00a0-p<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

2. The pronouns “rr\u00e1yo<\/strong>” and “rr\u00e1to<\/strong>,” although literally translated as “this voice” and “that voice” and therefore technically in demonstrative mode, are ONLY used as personal pronouns and therefore would not receive the lenition associated with demonstratives.<\/p>\n

**If you wanted to say something like: “of this house” you would of course add the GEN morpheme suffix creating\u00a0‘as\u02bcuyop<\/strong>\u00a0which would also translate as “my house.” \u00a0The way that you would distinguish this is by the surrounding context. \u00a0For example, if you were to say\u00a0‘ay\u00e1 ‘as\u02bcuyop<\/strong>\u00a0this would be translated “a child of this house” since “a child my house” is not grammatical. \u00a0To say “a child of my house” you would have to add the GEN morpheme a second time to give:\u00a0‘ay\u00e1 ‘as\u02bcuyop\u00e1p<\/strong>. \u00a0-yo-\u00a0<\/strong>is the only pronominal morpheme that causes this kind of ambiguity as it is the only one that does not lenite when used as a demonstrative.<\/p>\n

rr\u00e1p ‘ay\u00e1<\/strong>\u00a0does not have an indefinite article (as in English “a” or “an”). \u00a0The lack of such an article indicates that the noun described is indefinite. \u00a0The definite article is\u00a0net\u02bc<\/strong>\u00a0which is suffixed to the end of a noun prior to any case marking.<\/p>\n

Eg.\u00a0‘as\u02bcunet\u02bc<\/strong>\u00a0– “the house”
\n‘as\u02bcunet\u02bc\u00e1p<\/strong>\u00a0– “of the house” (ie belonging to\/originating from the house)
\n\u00a0‘as’unet\u02bc\u00e1l\u00a0<\/strong>– “to the house” (directionally speaking).<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

IMPERATIVE MOOD AND VERB ASPECT<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

In indirect speech, the laudative [LDV] and pejorative [PJV] affixes are used to indicate how the speaker feels about the predicate of their utterance.<\/p>\n

eg.\u00a0hr\u00e1n ylfet\u00e1rryo ‘enrr\u00e1yon<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

[REC.PAST] [LDV]-run<imperfective>-[1st(sg)] \u00a0[NOM]-I-[NOM]<\/p>\n

(Recently) I was running (and I’m happy about it).<\/p>\n

In the imperative mood, the affect affixes can be used to let the subject know how the speaker feels about issuing the directive:<\/p>\n

eg.\u00a0“T\u00e1mas k\u02bc\u00e9lo, ‘\u00edkovas\u02bcusot ylfrryna’to.”<\/strong><\/p>\n

Thomas, (kindly) close that door.<\/p>\n

-VS-<\/p>\n

“T\u00e1mas k\u02bc\u00e9lo, kenfrryna’to ‘\u00edkovas\u02bcusot!!”\u00a0<\/strong>**<\/p>\n

Thomas, CLOSE THAT DOOR!!!<\/p>\n

**note how the word order changed to put the [PJV] affected verb first, thereby giving emphasis to it.<\/p>\n

You can also add adverbs to your imperative VP to imply haste:<\/p>\n

eg.\u00a0n\u00e1k\u02bc<\/strong>\u00a0= immediate (lit. “with haste”) –>\u00a0n<av\u00e1>k\u02bc\u00a0<\/strong>–>\u00a0nav\u00e1k\u02bc<\/strong>\u00a0= immediately<\/p>\n

“T\u00e1mas k\u02bc\u00e9lo, kenfrryna’tonav\u00e1k\u02bc ‘\u00edkovas\u02bcusot!!”<\/strong><\/p>\n

Thomas, close that door IMMEDIATELY!!<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

THE COPULA<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

rr\u00e1p ‘ay\u00e1<\/strong>\u00a0has no copula which corresponds to English “is.” \u00a0Instead, it uses the verb\u00a0yvet\u02bc<\/strong>\u00a0“to have” with a nominalizing particle\u00a0‘an<\/strong>\u00a0in a “circumfix-like” manner to provide the meaning “noun A has ….ness.” \u00a0‘an<\/strong>\u00a0is lenited when affixed.<\/p>\n

‘\u00edkovas\u02bcunet\u02bc\u00e1t hy\u00e1n\u00a0yvet\u02bc<\/span>ko prrnn\u00e9a’an<\/span>.\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

The door had closed-ness (but may now be open) = The door was closed.<\/p>\n

This is semantically different from:<\/p>\n

‘en’\u00edkovas\u02bcunet\u02bc\u00e1n hr\u00e1n prrna’<\/strong>… The door closed…<\/p>\n

as the passive form can imply that the door was closed “by” someone. \u00a0The clause could be expanded by adding a noun in the instrumental [INS] case:<\/p>\n

‘\u00edkovas\u02bcunet\u02bc\u00e1t yvet\u02bcko prrnn\u00e9a’an T\u00e1mas\u00e1k. **<\/strong><\/p>\n

Door-Def. Article-[ACC] \u00a0have-the-quality-of-being-[3rd Sg N] \u00a0close<PP>-[NLZ] \u00a0Thomas-[INS]<\/p>\n

The door was closed by Thomas.<\/p>\n

Unlike English which puts the event in the past – “The door\u00a0was<\/em>\u00a0closed by Thomas,”\u00a0rr\u00e1p ‘ay\u00e1<\/strong>\u00a0has the verb in the present tense which gives the meaning “the door\u00a0is<\/em>\u00a0closed\u00a0because of<\/em>\u00a0Thomas.” \u00a0To put the verb in the past tense (as in the above example) gives the implication that the state\/quality of “closed-ness” may not be applicable now.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS   In\u00a0rr\u00e1p ‘ay\u00e1\u00a0adjectives and adverbs become suffixes to the words they describe creating a complex, polysynthetic morphology for nouns and verbs. ADJECTIVES Adjectives are suffixed to nouns which causes lenition in the adjective. \u00a0This suffixation happens PRIOR to any case marking. \u00a0If a consonant becomes doubled (other than \/n,m\/) one is dropped. […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-11","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/tsoyona.conlang.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/11","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/tsoyona.conlang.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/tsoyona.conlang.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/tsoyona.conlang.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/tsoyona.conlang.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=11"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"http:\/\/tsoyona.conlang.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/11\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":46,"href":"http:\/\/tsoyona.conlang.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/11\/revisions\/46"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/tsoyona.conlang.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=11"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}