{"id":9,"date":"2012-05-01T23:45:00","date_gmt":"2012-05-02T05:45:00","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/tsoyona.conlang.org\/?page_id=9"},"modified":"2012-05-02T00:28:03","modified_gmt":"2012-05-02T06:28:03","slug":"grammar","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"http:\/\/tsoyona.conlang.org\/?page_id=9","title":{"rendered":"Grammar"},"content":{"rendered":"

NOUNS AND PRONOUNS<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u00a0–\u00a0<\/span>Plurals\/Duals<\/span><\/p>\n

Plural Suffix – \/-\u00edk\u02bc\u00e9<\/strong>\/
\nDual Suffix – \/-\u00edk\u02bc\u00e1<\/strong>\/<\/p>\n

Both of these suffixes cause internal change within the word caused by the \/\u00ed\/ according to:<\/p>\n

– a –> e
\n– \u00e1 –> \u00e9
\n– e –> i
\n– \u00e9 –> \u00ed
\n– i –> \u00ed
\n– \u00ed –> unchanged
\n– o –> e
\n– u –> y
\n– y –> unchanged<\/p>\n

Word final vowels become raised diphthongs (with the exception of \/\u00ed, i\/; \/i\/–> [\u00ed]):<\/p>\n

– a, \u00e1 –> a\u031d
\n– e, \u00e9 –> e\u031d
\n– o –> o\u031d
\n– u–> u\u031d<\/p>\n

Word final diphthongs also become raised diphthongs:<\/p>\n

– ay –> a\u031d
\n– oy –> o\u031d<\/p>\n

With the exeption that -aw becomes simple \/o\/.<\/p>\n

The \/\u00ed\/ is dropped from the suffix. \u00a0If the word ends in \/k\/ it is dropped. \u00a0If the word ends in \/k\u02bc\/ it is retained.<\/p>\n

Eg. \u00a0tsamek<\/strong>\u00a0– ‘woman’ \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0t<\/strong>sem\u00e9k\u02bc\u00e9<\/strong>\u00a0– ‘women’
\nhrrto<\/strong>\u00a0– ‘man’ \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0hrrto\u031dk\u02bc\u00e9<\/strong>\u00a0– ‘men’
\nng\u00e1<\/strong>\u00a0– ‘hand’ \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0nga\u031dk\u02bc\u00e1<\/strong>\u00a0– hands (a pair of)<\/p>\n

–\u00a0Pronouns<\/span><\/p>\n

– No lenition when suffixed.
\n– Used to affix the personal Genitive to a given noun (Eg.\u00a0mb\u00e9yop<\/strong>\u00a0– ‘my hair’) and to inflect verbs for agreement with the subject Eg.\u00a0ndaxa\u031dtop\u00e1t yltoxoyo<\/span>\u00a0rr\u00e1yo<\/span>m t\u02bc\u00e1<\/strong>\u00a0– thank you (lit. I truthfully (and happily) acknowledge your grace).<\/p>\n

– \/-yo<\/strong>\/ – 1st person sg suffix (I)**
\n– \/-yo\u031dk\u02bc\u00e1<\/strong>\/ – first person dual suffix(we – you and me, but not them)
\n– \/-yo\u031dk\u02bc\u00e9<\/strong>\/ – 1st person plural suffix( we – all of us)
\n– \/-to<\/strong>\/ – 2nd person sg suffix (you)**
\n– \/-to\u031dk\u02bc\u00e1<\/strong>\/ – 2nd person dual suffix (used to refer to a romantic couple)
\n– \/-to\u031dk\u02bc\u00e9<\/strong>\/ – 2nd person plural suffix (you – plural)
\n– \/-ko<\/strong>\/ – 3rd person sg neuter suffix (it) (also used to reference a person of unspecified gender) Eg.\u00a0rr\u00e1ko<\/strong>\u00a0– ‘person’ (lit. voice of indeterminate gender).***
\n– \/-ko\u031dk\u02bc\u00e1<\/strong>\/ – 3rd person dual neuter suffix (used to reference a romantic couple of mixed gender)
\n– \/-ko\u031dk\u02bc\u00e9<\/strong>\/ – 3rd person plural neuter suffix (they – either those things -OR- that group of men and women)
\n– \/-k\u00e9<\/strong>\/ – 3rd person sg masculine suffix (he)
\n– \/-ke\u031dk\u02bc\u00e1<\/strong>\/ – 3rd person dual masculine suffix – (used to refer to a homosexual male couple)
\n– \/-ke\u031dk\u02bc\u00e9<\/strong>\/ – 3rd person plural masculine suffix – (they – that group of men)
\n– \/-k\u00e1<\/strong>\/ – 3rd person sg feminine suffix (she)
\n– \/-ka\u031dk\u02bc\u00e1<\/strong>\/ – 3rd person dual feminine suffix – (used to refer to a homosexual female couple)
\n– \/-ka\u031dk\u02bc\u00e9<\/strong>\/ – 3rd person plural feminine suffix – (they – that group of women)<\/p>\n

Subjective forms (I, you, he, she, they, we, etc.) are suffixed to\u00a0rr\u00e1<\/strong>\u00a0– ‘voice’ and take take the Nominative Case (NOM) marker \/en-|-n\/ with intransitive verbs and the Ergative Case (ERG) marker \/-m\/ with transitive and ditransitive verbs.
\n– Eg.\u00a0rr\u00e1yo<\/strong>\u00a0– ‘I’ (lit. this voice) –>\u00a0enrr\u00e1yon<\/strong>\u00a0(NOM) -OR- –>\u00a0rr\u00e1yom<\/strong>\u00a0(ERG)<\/p>\n

Objective forms (me, you, him, her, them, us, etc) are suffixed to rr\u00e1 and take the Accusative Case (ACC) marker \/-x\/.
\n– Eg.\u00a0rr\u00e1yox<\/strong>\u00a0– ‘me’<\/p>\n

Genitive forms (my, your, his, her, their, our, etc.) are suffixed to the noun they modify and take the Genitive Case (GEN) marker \/-p\/.
\n– Eg.\u00a0‘osok\u00e9p<\/strong>\u00a0– ‘his car’ (‘osok<\/strong>\u00a0+\u00a0k\u00e9<\/strong>\u00a0+\u00a0-p<\/strong>)<\/p>\n

**These are also demonstratives which, when used as such are suffixed to the noun they describe WITHOUT the GEN marker and undergo lenition.<\/p>\n

Eg.\u00a0‘osoktop<\/strong>\u00a0– ‘your car’
\n‘osokso<\/strong>\u00a0– ‘that car’
\n‘osokyop<\/strong>\u00a0– ‘my car’
\n‘osokyo<\/strong>\u00a0– ‘this car’<\/p>\n

Note that\u00a0yo<\/strong>\u00a0does not change but\u00a0to<\/strong>–>so<\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0this is because \/y\/ is not affected by lenition. \u00a0In the case of\u00a0yo<\/strong>\u00a0– ‘this’ you must rely on the lack of GEN morpheme.<\/p>\n

***This is also the relative pronoun (who, that, which) and it is a separate morpheme that is placed before the VP in the relative clause.<\/p>\n

Eg.\u00a0enK\u00e9rren\u00e1n,\u00a0ko<\/span>\u00a0hyohye’koav\u00e1u\u00e1 rr\u00e1u\u00e1 hlense’, mbrruk\u00e1f\u00edyoxav\u00e1rrp\u02bc\u00e1 pex.<\/strong>\u00a0– ‘It is rumored that Karen, who, as everyone knows, sings prettily, does not run very quickly.”<\/p>\n

**Note that the verb in the relative clause agrees with\u00a0ko<\/strong>\u00a0and not the subject since it is the matrix verb which must agree with the subject.<\/p>\n

–\u00a0Case Marking<\/span><\/p>\n

– The last suffix to be affixed to a noun<\/p>\n

– NOM – Only used with intransitive verbs – en-|-(\u00e1)n (circumfix)
\n– ERG – -\u00e1m, -m
\n– ACC – -\u00e1x, -x
\n– Dative (DAT) – -\u00e1t, -t
\n– GEN – -\u00e1p, -p
\n– Locative (LOC) – -\u00e1y, -y
\n– Allative (ALL) – -\u00e1l, -l
\n– Ablative (ABL) – -\u00e1n, -n
\n– Instrumental (INST) – -\u00e1k, -k
\n– Comititve (COM) – -\u00e1k\u02bc, -k\u02bc
\n– Gerund (GER) – -\u00e1s, -s<\/p>\n

It is because of this system of case marking that word order in rr\u00e1p ‘ay\u00e1 can be so free. \u00a0Generally, the reason that a particular word is spoken first is to provide emphasis, even if it is not necessarily the subject of the clause.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

THE VOCATIVE CASE<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

THE VOCATIVE CASE – [VOC]<\/p>\n

The vocative case is a noun case that indicates that the noun in question is being addressed directly by the speaker, rather than spoken about indirectly.<\/p>\n

Indication of the vocative case is a particle – \u00a0k\u02bc\u00e9lo<\/strong>\u00a0– \u00a0that follows the noun being addressed. \u00a0k\u02bc\u00e9lo<\/strong>\u00a0is a reflection of the etymology of the vocative particle.\u00a0 An\u00a0early form of the vocative was actually a phrase that meant “with whom I\u00a0would speak” – “…, kok\u02bc<\/span>\u00a0‘\u00e9<\/span>w\u00e9lo<\/span>yo enrr\u00e1yon…” –\u00a0<\/strong>which was contracted to just the commitative case ending, –k\u02bc<\/strong>\u00a0(with) and the root verb\u00a0‘\u00e9lo<\/strong>\u00a0to create the particle as it exists today.<\/p>\n

Eg. \u00a0If you are addressing\u00a0T\u00e1mas<\/strong>\u00a0(male name) you would say: “T\u00e1mas k\u02bc\u00e9lo<\/strong>, …”<\/p>\n

If you wanted to give someone a directive you could say:<\/p>\n

Eg. “T\u00e1mas k\u02bc\u00e9lo, ‘\u00edkovas\u02bcusot ylfrryna’to<\/strong>.”
\n“Thomas [VOC], that-which-covers-that-which-allows-access-to-(a)-house-[distal demonstrative]-[ACC] \u00a0[LDV]-close<IMP>-[2nd sg]<\/p>\n

“Thomas, (kindly) close that door.”<\/p>\n

VOCAB: \u00a0‘\u00edkovas\u02bcu<\/strong>\u00a0– n. that which covers that which allows access to (a) house \u00a0– a door
\nprrna’<\/strong>\u00a0– v. to close<\/wbr><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

VERBS<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Probably the most difficult concept to grasp when learning\u00a0rr\u00e1p ‘ay\u00e1<\/strong>\u00a0is the verb morphology. \u00a0rr\u00e1p ‘ay\u00e1<\/strong>\u00a0verbs are inflected for 5 tenses, 3 aspects, 4 moods and 2 affects. \u00a0Some of these morphological particles are infixed, some prefixed and some are separate morphemes altogether. \u00a0The difficulty isn’t necessarily in forming the word, its understanding the word when you hear it and knowing what the root is.<\/p>\n

Here we go…<\/p>\n

VERB TENSE<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

Tense is marked by a separate particle that directly precedes the verb. \u00a0The 5 verb tenses are:<\/p>\n

Present (Aorist) – Unmarked
\nPast (recent) –\u00a0hy\u00e1n<\/strong>
\nPast (distant) –\u00a0hr\u00e1n<\/strong>
\nFuture (near) –\u00a0tsu\u031d<\/strong>
\nFuture (distant) –\u00a0chu\u031d<\/strong><\/p>\n

Eg.\u00a0mbrr<\/strong>\u00a0– ‘runs’ –>\u00a0hy\u00e1n mbrr<\/strong>\u00a0– ‘ran (recently)’<\/p>\n

VERB ASPECT<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

Aspect gives information regarding the temporal flow of a given action ie. whether it is continuous or completed. \u00a0It is infixed after the onset of the penultimate syllable. \u00a0Wherever impermissible consonant clusters occur, insert \/-\u00e1-\/.<\/p>\n

– Perfective (aorist) (PFV)- Unmarked
\n– Imperfective (IPFV) – <et>
\n– Perfect (PRF)- <y\u00e1><\/p>\n

Eg.\u00a0mbrr<\/strong>\u00a0– runs –> mb<et><\u00e1>rr –>\u00a0mbet\u00e1rr<\/strong>\u00a0– ‘running’<\/p>\n

When tense is added, you would get:<\/p>\n

Eg.
\nIPFV –>\u00a0tsu\u031d mbet\u00e1rr\u00a0<\/strong>– ‘will (be) running (shortly\/soon)’ (lit. I will be in the process of running shortly)
\nPFV –>\u00a0tsu\u031d mbrr<\/strong>\u00a0– ‘I will run (soon\/shortly)’ (lit. I will start running shortly)
\nPRF –>\u00a0tsu\u031d mby\u00e1rr<\/strong>\u00a0– ‘I will have run (shortly)’ (lit. shortly I will have finished running).<\/p>\n

VERB MOOD<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

The mood of the verb indicates its modality, either epistemic (the way things might be) or deontic (the way things ought to be). \u00a0Verb mood is indicated by an infixed particle before the coda of the penultimate syllable. \u00a0As with aspect, wherever impermissible consonant clusters occur insert \/-\u00e1-\/.<\/p>\n

Epistemic<\/strong>
\n– Subjunctive (SJV) – <t\u00e9>
\n– Optative (OPT) – <w\u00e9><\/p>\n

Deontic
\n<\/strong>– Imperative (IMP) – <y>
\n– Negative (NEG) – <rru><\/p>\n

Eg.\u00a0hyohye’<\/strong>\u00a0– ‘gives’
\nSJV – hyo<t\u00e9>hye’ –>\u00a0hyot\u00e9hye’<\/strong>\u00a0– ‘were to give (hypothetically)’ (as in ‘If I were to give you this…)-OR- ‘suggest to give’ (as in ‘I suggest you give him the benefit of the doubt…’)<\/p>\n

OPT – hyo<w\u00e9>hye’ –>\u00a0hyow\u00e9hye’<\/strong>\u00a0– ‘wish to give’ (as in ‘I wish to give you this) -OR- ‘hope to give’ (as in ‘I hope you give me that…’).<\/p>\n

IMP – hyo<y>hye’ –>\u00a0hyoyhye’\u00a0<\/strong>– ‘Give!’
\nNEG – hyo<rru>hye’ –>\u00a0hyorruhye’<\/strong>\u00a0– ‘Give not.’<\/p>\n

If you add tense and aspect to this you get:<\/p>\n

Eg.\u00a0hy\u00e1n<\/strong><\/span>\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0hyet<\/span>orru<\/span>hye’\u00a0<\/strong>– ‘was not giving (recently)’
\nPAST(Recent) \u00a0 gives-<IPFV>-<NEG><\/p>\n

VERB AFFECT<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

The affect tells the listener how the subject of the sentence feels about the action (not necessarily the speaker of the utterance as in some languages). \u00a0This is often combined with the evidentiality particles (to be discussed in the next posting) when it is not firsthand information. \u00a0These are prefixes which cause lenition.<\/p>\n

Laudative (LDV) – yl-
\nPejorative (PJV) – ken-<\/p>\n

Eg.
\nLDV –\u00a0yl\u00a0<\/strong>+\u00a0hyohye’<\/strong>\u00a0–>\u00a0ylyohye’<\/strong>\u00a0– ‘gives (happily)’
\nPJV –\u00a0ken<\/strong>\u00a0+\u00a0hyohye’\u00a0<\/strong>–>\u00a0kenyohye’<\/strong>\u00a0– ‘gives (not happy about it)’<\/p>\n

So, putting it all together provides the complex verb:<\/p>\n

hr\u00e1n \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0kenyy\u00e1orruhye’<\/strong>\u00a0– ‘have not given (for a long time and is not happy about it)’
\nPAST (Distant) \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0PJV-gives-<PRF><NEG><\/p>\n

As stated before, the difficulty comes not from producing the complex verb but understanding it when you hear it. \u00a0After so much inflection (especially in instances where the affect is added, causing lenition) the original verb can become nearly unrecognizable. \u00a0This is solved in part by pronunciation. \u00a0Stress is placed on phonemes\/morphemes from the ORIGINAL ROOT. \u00a0So in the above example:\u00a0kenyy\u00e1orruhye’\u00a0<\/strong>the stress is placed on kenY<\/strong>y\u00e1O<\/strong>rruHYE’<\/strong>\u00a0with the primary stress falling on the [o], secondary stress on [y] and tertiary stress on [hye’]. \u00a0In this way the inflectional morphology is suprasegmentally separated from the word as a whole revealing the original root to carry the bulk of the meaning. \u00a0The other way this is solved is by knowing all the different forms that a verb can take simply by hearing them spoken all the time. \u00a0As with any first language this sort of thing would be non-problematic for native speakers. \u00a0It just increases the learning curves for us poor L2’s lol.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

EVIDENTIALS<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

rr\u00e1p ‘ay\u00e1<\/strong>\u00a0makes \u00a0use of 6 evidential particles depending on the speaker’s assuredness of the accuracy of his statement and the source of his information.<\/p>\n

Certain Truth (Eyewitness or firsthand information) –\u00a0t\u02bc\u00e1<\/strong>
\nBelieved\/Inferred Truth -OR- Speaker’s opinion –\u00a0mp\u00e9<\/strong>
\nCommon Knowledge –\u00a0hlense’<\/strong>
\nRumor\/Hearsay –\u00a0pex
\n<\/strong>Conjecture –\u00a0ka’an<\/strong>
\nUnknown –\u00a0hy\u00e1k\u02bc\u00a0<\/strong>(lit.\u00a0hy\u00e1<\/strong>\u00a0– ‘doubt’ + –k\u02bc<\/strong>\u00a0– COM case –> ‘with doubt’)<\/p>\n

Evidential particles ALWAYS appear at the end of an utterance.<\/p>\n

Eg. \u00a0hy\u00e1n ylfet\u00e1rruk\u00e9 enT\u00e1mas\u00e1n mrraw\u00e1k\u02bc\u00a0<\/strong>mp\u00e9<\/strong><\/span>
\nPAST(recent) LDV-runs-<IPFV><NEG>-3rd Sg. \u00a0NOM-T\u00f3mas-NOM cat – COM Opinion-EVDL<\/p>\n

In my opinion, T\u00f3mas was not recently running with (a) cat (and he is happy about this).<\/p>\n

No matter what order the other words in the sentence, the evidential always appears at the end.<\/p>\n

Eg.\u00a0mrraw\u00e1k\u02bc hy\u00e1n ylfet\u00e1rruk\u00e9 enT\u00e1mas\u00e1n\u00a0mp\u00e9<\/span>.<\/strong><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

INTERROGATIVES<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Questions in\u00a0rr\u00e1p ‘ay\u00e1<\/strong>\u00a0are formed in two ways, both of which make use of the Interrogative particle\u00a0‘ih<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

The first way is to simply use\u00a0‘ih<\/strong>\u00a0to begin a declarative sentence. \u00a0It lets the listener know that what follows is a question, rather than a statement.<\/p>\n

Eg. \u00a0mrrok\u02bc\u00e9k\u02bc enT\u00e1mas\u00e1n mbrrk\u00e9 t\u02bc\u00e1.<\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0–> \u00a0It is true that T\u00f3mas runs with cats.<\/p>\n

-vs.-<\/p>\n

‘ih mrrok\u02bc\u00e9k\u02bc enT\u00e1mas\u00e1n mbrrk\u00e9 t\u02bc\u00e1?<\/strong>\u00a0–> Is it true that T\u00f3mas runs with cats? (More literally it would be “It is true that T\u00f3mas runs with cats?)<\/p>\n

The second way is to use a interrogative functional word derived from\u00a0‘ih<\/strong>, either by adding case marking or by infixing\u00a0‘ih<\/strong>\u00a0after the onset of the first syllable of the word being modified. \u00a0As with the first method, the interrogative is placed at the beginning of a sentence.<\/p>\n

What –\u00a0f\u02bcihaw<\/strong>\u00a0(lit. item?\/object?\/thing? from\u00a0f\u02bcaw<\/strong>\u00a0– thing\/item\/object)
\nWhere –\u00a0‘ih\u00e1y<\/strong>\u00a0(LOC marker lit. location?)
\nWhen –\u00a0kihivet\u02bc<\/strong>\u00a0(lit. time? from\u00a0kivet\u02bc<\/strong>\u00a0– time)
\nWho –\u00a0rrih\u00e1<\/strong>\u00a0(lit. person? from\u00a0rr\u00e1<\/strong>\u00a0– voice\/person)
\nWhy –\u00a0vihinak\u02bc\u00e1l<\/strong>\u00a0(lit. to end? translates loosely as “to what end” from\u00a0vinak\u02bc<\/strong>\u00a0– end with ALL case)
\nHow –\u00a0‘ih\u00e1k\u02bc<\/strong>\u00a0(INST marker lit. with\/by way of what means?)
\nWhich –\u00a0mbiha’<\/strong>\u00a0(lit. kind?\/type? from\u00a0mba’\u00a0<\/strong>– type\/kind)<\/p>\n

Eg.\u00a0kihivet\u02bc hr\u00e1n mbrrk\u00e9 enT\u00e1mas\u00e1n mrraw\u00e1k\u02bc?<\/strong>\u00a0–> When did T\u00f3mas run with (a) cat?**
\n\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 vihinak\u02bc\u00e1l mbrrk\u00e9 enT\u00e1mas\u00e1n mrrok\u02bc\u00e9k\u02bc?<\/strong>\u00a0–> Why does T\u00f3mas run with cats?<\/p>\n

Typically the second form will not include an evidential particle at the end of the sentence whereas the first form can.<\/p>\n

When asking about a past event, the distant past particle –\u00a0hr\u00e1n<\/strong>\u00a0– is used since it is unknown to the speaker whether the action was recent or not. \u00a0Same with asking about future events, the\u00a0chu\u031d\u00a0<\/strong>particle would be used.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

PARTICIPLES<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

In English, the participles are morphologically similar (in some cases) to either the present continuous tense (active) or the regular past tense (passive) and are reliant on word order\/context to identify them.<\/p>\n

eg. The running boy is nimble. (Active) \u00a0vs. \u00a0The boy is running (present continuous)
\nThe closed door barred my way. (Passive) vs. The door closed on my foot. (regular past tense)<\/p>\n

rr\u00e1p ‘ay\u00e1<\/strong>\u00a0has distinct markers to represent the participles to avoid contextual confusion. \u00a0Also, since word order is essentially free, it can’t be relied upon to indicate tense\/participle.<\/p>\n

Participle markers are infixes which are placed after the onset of the final syllable in polysyllabic words OR suffixed to the end of monosyllabic words prior to agreement\/adverb phrases.<\/p>\n

Active marker: \u00a0<no><\/strong>
\nPassive marker:\u00a0<n\u00e9><\/strong><\/p>\n

Where impermissible consonant clusters occur, insert\u00a0-\u00e1-<\/strong>
\nIf followed by a vowel which doubles the marker vowel, the second vowel is dropped.<\/p>\n

eg. \u00a0hyohye’<\/strong>\u00a0– to give
\nhyohy\u00e1noe’<\/strong>\u00a0– giving
\nhyohy\u00e1n\u00e9e’<\/strong>\u00a0– given**<\/p>\n

mbrr<\/strong>\u00a0– to run
\nmbrrno\u00a0<\/strong>– running
\nmbrrn\u00e9<\/strong>\u00a0– run<\/p>\n

**in this example, the\u00a0\u00e9<\/strong>\u00a0[e] is a different phoneme than the\u00a0e’<\/strong>\u00a0[\u025b\u0295] so they are both pronounced.
\nan example of a participle phrase would be:<\/p>\n

eg.\u00a0‘\u00edkovas\u02bcunet\u02bc prrnn\u00e9a’\u00a0<\/strong>– the closed door ***<\/p>\n

mbrrno hrrtonet\u02bc<\/strong>\u00a0– the running man<\/p>\n

***in this example,\u00a0-nn-<\/strong>\u00a0is an acceptable consonant cluster and so is maintained (see post on consonants for pronunciation of doubled consonants).<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

NOUNS AND PRONOUNS   \u00a0–\u00a0Plurals\/Duals Plural Suffix – \/-\u00edk\u02bc\u00e9\/ Dual Suffix – \/-\u00edk\u02bc\u00e1\/ Both of these suffixes cause internal change within the word caused by the \/\u00ed\/ according to: – a –> e – \u00e1 –> \u00e9 – e –> i – \u00e9 –> \u00ed – i –> \u00ed – \u00ed –> unchanged – o […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-9","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/tsoyona.conlang.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/9","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/tsoyona.conlang.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/tsoyona.conlang.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/tsoyona.conlang.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/tsoyona.conlang.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=9"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"http:\/\/tsoyona.conlang.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/9\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":18,"href":"http:\/\/tsoyona.conlang.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/9\/revisions\/18"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/tsoyona.conlang.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=9"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}